Biotechnology: Integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services.
Genetic Engineering: Process of manipulating and altering an organism's genome using biotechnologies.
Tools of Genetic Engineering:
Restriction Enzymes: 'Molecular scissors' that cut DNA at specific locations.
Cloning Vectors: DNA molecules that can carry foreign DNA fragments into a host cell. E.g., Plasmids.
Competent Host: Organisms that can take up DNA from outside (like E. coli).
Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology:
Isolation of Genetic Material: DNA extraction.
Cutting of DNA: Using restriction endonucleases.
Amplification of Gene of Interest: Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host: Using vectors.
Obtaining the Foreign Gene Product: Culturing the host.
Enzymes in Genetic Engineering:
Ligase: Joins DNA fragments.
Polymerases: Synthesize polymers of nucleic acids.
Endonucleases: Cut DNA from the inside.
Exonucleases: Remove nucleotides from the end.
Vectors:
Plasmids: Extra-chromosomal DNA in bacteria.
Bacteriophages: Viruses that infect bacteria.
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis: Technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size.
Bioreactors: Large vessels where raw materials are biologically converted into specific products, biomass, and enzymes using microbial, plant, animal, or human cells.
Downstream Processing: Treating the product to formulate it into usable, marketable products. It involves separation, purification, and packaging.click here FULL VIDEO EXPLANATION
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