Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Applications

 

Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture:


Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Organisms whose genes have been altered for improved performance.

Bt Cotton: Cotton plants with genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that code for pest resistance.

Golden Rice: Genetically engineered to produce vitamin A.

Transgenic Animals: Animals that have had foreign DNA inserted into their genome.

Biotechnological Applications in Medicine:

Recombinant DNA Technology: Used to make medicines and vaccines.

Gene Therapy: Treating diseases by introducing, removing, or changing genetic material. Used in treating ADA (Adenosine deaminase) deficiency.

Molecular Diagnostics: Using probes to detect mutations.

Genetically Engineered Insulin:

Human insulin produced by E. coli bacteria, ensuring humans do not have to rely on animal insulin.

Gene Cloning for Factor VIII:


Helps in treating hemophilia.

ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay):


Test for detecting and quantifying substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies, and hormones.

RNA Interference (RNAi):


Cellular mechanism that prevents the expression of a certain gene.

Has applications in treating diseases and agricultural improvements.

Biotechnological Applications in Environment:


Biomining: Using microbes to extract minerals from ores.

Bioremediation: Using microbes to break down environmental pollutants.

Examples include the breakdown of pesticides and plastic.

Ethical Concerns:


GMOs, cloning, and other biotechnological applications have raised ethical, environmental, and health concerns.

Proper testing and regulation are essential to ensure safety.FULL VIDEO EXPLANATION






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